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� RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
OF PITKIN COUNTY� COIARADO, y?.':i•. -
ADOPTING ADDITIONAL CONTROI, MEASURES
AND CONTINGENCY CONTROL MEASURES "�?'=?� �
j FOR THE ASPEN/PITKIN COUNTY PM�o STATE IMPLEMENTATTON PLAN (SIPj ,�<'=� "
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Resolution No. 93-%��Jj ��'�'°'
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� 1. Pitkin County has been designated as a PM�o Nonattainment area '�i�
� under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, and thus was required �?" �
iI to and did submit a P24�p State Implementation Plan (SIPj, which �''
+ included a commitment to obtain more accurate data and if �'�,
necessary, to implement additional control measures, and '�!;��,
� 2. additional data obtained by the Colorado Air Pollution Control ,�r.
{ Division shows that control measures achieving an addi.tional
. � 20$ of the PM�p reductions resu�ting from the Aspen/Pitkin
� County SIP for 1994 are needed to demonstrate compliance with
S federal health standards for PM�Q, with an additional 23� baing
� required by 1997, and
f
j 3. the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require the adoption of `����h
`,��f��.:
s contingency control measures to be implemented automatically �.' ,
� if existing SIP measures are implemented and violations of
- � federal health standards still occur, and
i
! 4. Pitkin County desires to protect the health of its residents
t and visitors, and recent scientiPia studies have concluded
; that PM�o is the main unavoidable environmental hazard to which ' �,
� Americans are exposed, that PM� health standards need to be
� much stricter to protect the pub�ic health, and exceedances of
_� the health standard have been measured in Pitkin County, and
� 5. the attached control measures have beea analyzed and are
: likely to achieve compliance with federal PM�o standards and
� to protect and improve the health of residents and visitors af
�� Pitkin County, ,
NOW, THEREFORE BS IT RESOLVED THAT the Board of County
Commissioners of Pitkin County hereby requests the Colorado Air
Quality Control Commission to adopt the attached Aspen/Pitkin ��
� County proposed additional PM�o control measures and contingency � •
' measures at its August, 1993 meeting. The Board further resolves �'•'?;
I that it fully supports the Aspen/Pitkin County proposed additional '" �:�'�`
( PM�o control measures and contingency measures and approves their �.�r` � �""=_
I adoption and implementation. �,� �
1 �i
! INTRODUCED, FIRST REA�, AND SET �'OR PUBLIC HEARING AT THE ►°'.,
I REGULAR MEETING ON THE �DAY OF d�/_�_ � �1993. f..:�
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/_-� NOTICE PUBL �C HEARING PUBLISHED IN THE ASPEN TIMES ON THE i't.-;-"
IL DAY OF ,1993. "
S
� APPR ED A AD �TED AFTER SECOND READING AND PUBLIC HEARING ,,.,
ON THE D� DAY OF
,1993. �
BLTSHED AFTER TION IN THE ASPEN TIMES ON THE o�G u"DAY
� OF , 1993. 'r
'r BOARD OF COUNTY OMMISSTONERS "�"''.�'" '
OF PITKIN CO OIARADO
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� BY: B 11 Tuite, Chairperson "'��
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DATE: '�` �
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�, A T ST: i
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a �
r J nette Jone
r D uty County Clerk
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� APPRO S TO FO '
� �.
� Tim Wh ts tt
� Coun�y t orney .
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RECOMMENDED FOR APPROVAL:
� 'p
� Thomas S. Dunlop ,,,
o Environmental Hea2th Director
\ � �
� RECOMMENDED FOR APPROVAL:
� . ,
C Owdo-n. i+�w� �-���j�- -
Reid Haughey, �`� U " '$
County Manager l�
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STAFF RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTENT:
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yP��.��, ��c (
� Lee Cassin �}� � ';
Senior Environmental Health Officer �'
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COLORADO DEPARTMINT OF HEALTH �
lkd'icaoed eo p.vtecdng and lmponn�rM/redth�nd � .
mviro�ma�c Mdx peopk o(Gobrado � '�
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�700 C1KnY Cnek Dr.S. labotawty Build� . --?,�.j. .
Denvn,Color�do a02ZT•15]0 4210�E 11d�Avenve " � !
Phohef3W)6924000 Denver.C.olondo00Z20-1716 • � 9;.�;....-.•._.
"p03169t�{'i'00 ' • � peyRomer ��.. .:;�+:��
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IYrida A.Ndan,MO,MPH
Jutte 2 9, 19 9 3 c.�w.o:�cmr
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Lee Cassin � 7_.
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental Hsalth Department � ; 4'
130 S. Galena . � •
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Aspen, CO 82611 �
� Dear Lae: • • � ,�
. �xr.
As di'scu6sed durinq our telephone eonversatian, the •i.:'�`
prelfminary reeults from the revis d Asp¢n PM-10 emission inventory
' aad the CMS-based attainment demon tration indicate that additivnal
control measures may be �necessar to demonstrate attainment and
I maintenanca oP the PM-lo standar s.. L�t 'me emphasise that these f"
reeulLS are preliminarv as the ission inventory ravisions have
'not been £inalized - I anticip te thbt final numbexs �.*3I1 be ,
� available by July i1th. I believ that Sre should begin developing� • ;;��.`-
� addttional eohtrol measures that chieve approximately 40 parcant`
of the tugitive dust emission red ctions that tha current control •
� programs achieve. This leve2 oE control may be less - or more,
depending on the final inventory, but we should p.Zan Por a worst- �
casa scenario until the numbers a e final. '
If additional control measu es are necessary, they must be
proposed to the Air Quality Contr 1 Commission by August 19th for ,.
' . public heari.rtg and adoption on N ember 12th. This i� necessary •a
_ t hecause the Clean Air Act require that,-all control measures that
' are necassary to demonstrate att inment be implemented no later ;,
than becember l0, 1993. Also, th contingency measures, �rhich, are ��
; additional control measures that ust tie� implemehtad if the area '�
�`� laila to attain tha standards in e future, must talso be proposed
_:t � to the AQCC in August. so they can be adopted and submitted to EPA .
by the xovember 15, 1993 deadline -
; .
! I Will work closely with yo throughout Juiy and Auqust to ��
develop the necessary control ians tor the Aspen PM-i0 SIP
Element. • �
Sincare y, � �i� �x
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Mike Silversteirt - ��
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Senior Planner PMASPREV.LEE � ;^.� ;'
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5. Co�ercial Core Paid Park.ing, Commuter Day Pass .Parking, and ' � ""
Resident only Permit Parking in outlying Areas � ,;� ..j�., �`
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Within an area bounded by Main St., Spring St., Darant Ave., f � r `
and Monarch St., the City of Aspen shall permit all passenger ��
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vehicles to park onZy upon the payment of a one dollar ($1.00) :� , ,'.
per hour parking fee. �r
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� Tn an area bounded by Aspen Mountain, Fourth St., Hallam St., `f'�':'•
� Second St., Francis St., the bluff south of the Post Office, ��•
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� Spring St., the Roaring fork River, Aspen Mountain and IIurant, �+���
and Dean St., the City of Aspen shall permit parking for those I��'.
I who have resident permits, and for commuters who have
+ purchased a $3.Oq- $6.00 all day parking pass. ;~•,;;��
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'� e�A - � TFfE DE�vex rosr ��7�< `-
� Evidence about soot dangers � �y��- �
slow ta develo�, still unresolved _, , �.:t`� _, `�
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SOOT trom Page tA whethcr they cause dealh.il is be- most obvious and longesl-knuwn c� s't' a m ,%�.��
lieved that indoor air poilution like Forms of pollution.During Gmes of �.�_�`, ���n .r`
A study rnnducted in the Ulah second-hand cigaretle smoke and stagnant air,the particles make a ��'���.�p+�I , ,
Valley recently fourid thal hospital radon cause the greatest 6ealth haze or fog that blankets cities or ■ �.
admissions tor respiratory-related damage among poliuWnts,apart rnral valleys. �4 -� �` ^
lllnesses like pneumonia and asth• from the particles. Each is esti- Such pollulion has been record- s .
ma jumped 50 percent to 90 per• mated to cause S,U00 or more can- ed as early as t6e 17th.century in
cent during the times particle pol• cers a year. England.Among the most famous �.,
lution was above only 50 episodes was the London pea soup ;,,' ., ,. ;
micrograms of breathable parti• Aeview of 5tandard SOUght of 1952 that killed 4,000 people in a , .,;, , '
cles[or each cubic mefer of air. Rep. Henry Waxman,D-Calit., tew days. �;, �� � `
The troublesome partides are who heads the Hnuse Subcommit- Dr.Jonathan Samet o[tt�e Uni- a�, jR,
mainly thcown into the air by in- tee on Energy a�d the Environ- versity o[New Mexiw said:"What 3.�at-+ ,f„�
dustrial ptants,with a smaA pro- ment,said:"The EPA must now is missing is underslanding lhe bio- .;,�f� �•.;
portion coming from the exhausts undertake a thorough review oi logical basis of the eifect they are ��.�.� �e - E;;
of diesel vehictes. the particle standard.The agency descri6ing.We shouldn't make ma- �'� -
Paul Portney,vice president of under the Bush administration jor po licy decisions a bou t causes �,.,�: -�;'�=. �`
Resources for the Future,a non- never even got started with the lr oE death based on the kind of evi-
profit environmental research gal requirements that this stan- dence we have so far.
� group,said that oF the S35 bi2lion a dard be reviewed.By law it should Evidence questioned
year the nation spends for al]its have been ti�ished last year."
scrubhers, catalytic converters Ronald White,direetor of envi- "The effects are not massive, NO IPJTERE
and other air-pollution control ef- ronmental health tor the American not like the London fog ot 1952 in NO PAYME�
forts,only a fraction is aimed at Lung Association, said the evi- which thousands of people died, FOR
the smalt particles, which are 10 dence Ior deaths due to particle but are more subtle,"Samet said_ G MONTI'
microns or smaller in diameter. pollution is now great enough thaL "Betore we make the big deci- yy,p,�,
By comparison, a human hair is the association will soon sue the sion to control particles more,
about 75 microns in diameter. EPA in hopes ot getting the agency with the costs of doing that, we
' Minimal re ulatiOn to revise its standard and begin need to fill out the story more.We
9 stricter enforcement of it. need to do acYoal exposnre studies
Only one-tturd of all air poliu- But some scientists say the evi- with people to see how par[icles
tion expenditutes go to remove dence is not yet good enough to affect them." �
partides,and most of that goes to make paticy decisions. The evi- Samet said he believed there
decades-old etiorts like devices on dence is Aased on epidemiological still may be other ways of explain- ,
power plants that catch only large studies,which cannot conelusively ing the deaths linked to pollution f"
particles, those t6at are larger estabtish a cause-and-eEfect rela- —fnr example,combinations ot
than 10 microns in diameter. tion between a substance and ifs tactors like respiralory illness, �,
- Regulatory effort has been fo- heatlh effect;for that,detailed bio- coming with a heat waee,a[the
cused more on other types of pollu• logical studiec of the effecl of sub- same tune as a pollution episode.
tion,►ike ozone and sutphur diox- stanees on the tissues themselves The EPA missed last year's
, ide, thaf 6ave been shown to are needed. deadtine to review�and update the � a�`
\
damage health; it is uncertain Particles have been among the particle standard.
� '
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� . .yAENCE NEVr6 . �rca��o��ti`tl �1'4�'D t.�wt[�� �G.. - �`,
of the week
Dust to Dust: A Parficularly Lethal Legacy � �:.'`�;�;,:,
Particula[es—dusbsizedairpollu[ants, Pope, an environmenial economist al chanGe in exposure—in(ive U.S.cities " � �
includingsootandsultates—intlictmuch Brigham}OurtgUniversityinArovo,Utah, wilh vasUy dillerent sizes.climales and �
more harm than previously lhought,ar Schwartz"is to my know•ledge lhe(irst[o mixes ol air pollu[ants—argues'very
cording to a series ol new studies. By have applied[hem to mortality and air convincingly,both epidemiologically ahd '
correlating daily weather,air pollutants pollution data,"Pope says,"and he did an statistically."Lhat the observed correla-
and moKality in tive U.S cities,a iederal excelleni job."� � tions are real,Schwartz asserts. � .
scientisthasdiscoveredthatnonacciden• In 1987,EPA swilched irom requiring HisPhiiadelphiadalaalsoindicalethat ` ?'
tal tleath retes tend to rise and tall in near the measuremeni of all particles sus- people who appeared to succumb to the
lockstep with daily Ievels ot par[iculates pended in the air ro assaying only the particulales tended to be elderly and •��.� .
� —but not with other pollutants. respirable traction - particles with a already quite sick,usually with respira• 5�-��� ' �
Because the mrrelation held up even diameter ol 10 microns or less.Schwartz tory disease.Forevery l00 micrograms ol -
- lor very low dust levels—in nne city,to identitied two cities thal had compiled parliculates per cubic meter of air, ":.:y��: "
just 23 percenl o( the(ederal limit on tlailylogsofthese"PM�„"datatorroughly Schwartz (ound that the risk of dying
particulates — these analyses suggest a year.St.Louis and Kingston,Tenn.He increased by 32 percent from emphy ��;:.;
that as many as 60,000 U.S.residents per also correlated the type ot daily"visibil- sema. 19 percent (rom olher chronic '
year may die trom breathing particulates ity"data compiled by airports with ev- obstruc[ive Iung diseases(such as bron- :�,��
at or below Iegaliy allowed levels,says ery•sixth-dayparticulatedataforDetroit, chitisandasthma),12percenttrompneu-
epidemiologist Joe!Schwartz ot the EPA producing a computed estimate ot De- monia and about 9 percent Irom cardio• � ;
in Washington,D.C. troiCs daily particulate levels. vascular disease. Previous studies had �..;.;,
Con[irmation of the new lindings by ln analyzing the data for these three linked increases in airborne particulates
other researchers would make airborne cities,Schwartz(ound exactly the same with c�ildren5 respiratory symptoms �f
particulate levels the largesl known"in- trend identified in London,Steubenviile and hospital admissions tor bronchitis
voluntaryenvironmentalinsWt"towhich andPhiladeiphia.Dailyparticulatepollu- andasthma(SN:S/6/89,p277}.
Americans are exposed and would tion correlaled with mortality ra[es, The new findings also suggest that � �
, strengthen the case (or tightening whilesulturdioaide—agaseouspollutant particulates are more toxic than smog
the federal particulate standard, says long suspected of af(ecting mor[ality— ozone,says Bart D. Ostro,chief ot afr
Schwariz,who described his analyses showed no effect.Moreover,the magni- poilutionepidemiologyatCalilornia'sDe- i
last week in Arlington,Va.,at the annual tude o(the particulates'et(ect on mor[al- partment ol Health Services in Berkeley.
meeting o(the Sociery tor Occupationai ity proved neariy identical in each US. But exactty how• particulates might � �
and Environmental Health. city: a roughly 6 percent increase in contribu[e to mortality remains un- I
"1've never thought that[airborne]par- deaths for every 100 micrograms o(lotal known."1 have no idea what the mecha- �
, ticles were lerribly important by them- particulates(or roughly 50 micrograms nismis;'saysBates,achestphysicianand
selves—at least not at these levels,"says o[PM�o}per cubic meter of air. air potNtion epidemioiogist. "Nor has }
David V.Bates of the University o(British Such a unitorm impact per given anyone else" —J.Rololl
Columbia in Vancowec But Schwartz's
�ittF analyses have won him over.Bates says y� +
the new studies represent a "tour de A bright spot in Hubble's troubled eye �I .J
(orce"—one"with tremendous power." �
Early iast year,Schwartz and Allan H. Flauied, yer, brrr the Hubble r �� ;�
Marcus o( Battelle Memorial l.abora- SpaceTe(esmpenonethelesspro-
. tories in Research Triatmle Park, N.C., uiderthesharpestimagesofMars�
published data on 14 London winters, yef�aken!rom 6ar1h's uicinity,/t
showing a "likely causal" retationship cancap�uredelailsabout50kilo-
between daily mortality and daily eleva• mete�sacross,mmparedmith the
tions in so-called "British smoke"—a 750-km resolution ol groun0-
- "' roughly quan[ifiabie gauge o[airborne bosed photos �
partic�lates. They locused on London A seuen-member�eam led by '
because the city measures its particuiate Philip James of the Unioersity of
`�� �. levels daily.Nearly all US cities measure Toledo in Ohio noui pfans peri- ��a'
particulales only every sixth day—too odir Hub61e o6seruatrons 1or a �
intrequenfly,Scbwartz says, fo identity larg-term study ol Mars'chnng- �` .
acute changes in mortality. ing surface and a�mosphere,in- ,i
While analyzing tbe London data, dudirtgilsoccasionnlg(obafdust ��`j�
Schwark learned that Philadelphia and srorms. '
� Steubenviile,Ohio,had IOyears'H•orth ot The lirsl image in the series, J�`
daily parliculate readings.He looked at mode Dec. 13 and reteased last• �-`�,
[heirweather,pollu[ionanddailymortal- mon�h,shovu5yrtisMajorPfan- ��,- , - _
ity,and again(ound a dear,stalistically itia (dark areo, middle). Surh E;j
signiticant�association between in- Martinn dark regions appear couered wi(h coarse sand grains n6ouf!00 mitrons � �'>,'�•�• I
creased"totai suspended particulates" aaoss,says Sreue Lee of!he Uniuenity of Colorado in 8oulder,r6e leghter surface -j��
one day and elevated mortality lhe next. apparerttly consists ol dust porricles no bigger than 1 micron. , �rr`' �
"Part ol the reason nobody found this The lighi•blue 7eature a/ong the piclure's upperrighf edge represertts a"hood"of �% ��� �
association be(ore is simply because the water rce in the atmosphere a6oue the Martian north pole,ertending fo a height ol JO °�,'�
sta[istical techniques required to do the kifometers or more.Using ultrauiolel fillers,the team has also prodtrced mhn!one .
analysis(for small populations or data member caf4s�he lirst ozorte map ol Mars. ��=r.
selsJ are quite difficult,"says C.Arden ';..
p�p SCIENCE NEWS,VOL.139 , �� "� .
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ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL CONTROL MEASURES ris`.'
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